Tribal nations are quickly issuing new tribal citizenship cards to their members, especially to those who live away from the tribe’s lands. It is important to note the majority of Indigenous Americans now live away from their traditional areas, many in urban centers.

But just issuing the cards is proving to be not enough, as the Miles case shows. Tribal leaders are now also taking actions to ban ICE from entering tribal property. As independent sovereign nations, the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly given the tribes the right to govern various aspects of tribal life, including jurisdictional matters.

Several other tribes are following suit; plus, notifying ICE their agents must have a search warrant signed by a judge to enter any tribal property.